Ovarian Cancer: The Basics

By: Kaytlin Kelly

Fundamentals  

One ovary is located on either side of the uterus in the female reproductive system. Each of the almond-sized ovaries produces estrogen and progesterone in addition to eggs (ova). The three types of cells that make up ovaries are:  

• epithelial cells (cover the ovary's surface),  

• germ cells (create the eggs (ova)),  

• and stromal cells (maintain the ovarian shape and produce the hormones progesterone and estrogen).  

Different types of tumors can arise from each type of cell. Epithelial cell tumors make up the majority of ovarian tumors. 

Risk Factors and Symptoms 

According to the American Cancer Society, more people with uteruses die from ovarian cancer than any other malignancy of the female reproductive system, placing ovarian cancer sixth among cancer mortality in women. Lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer is approximately 1 in 78. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), people who are middle-aged or older and those who have had a close family member diagnosed with ovarian cancer are at higher risk. However, ovarian cancer affects many people, not only those labeled "high risk." Symptoms include: 

• Vaginal bleeding (especially if you are past menopause) or unusual vaginal discharge. 

• Pelvic discomfort or pressure. 

• Pain in the abdomen or back. 

• Bloating. 

While these symptoms do sometimes occur if someone has ovarian cancer, not having any symptoms is also very common, especially in early stages of the disease. If you are having persistent symptoms such as those listed above, you should talk to your medical provider!  

Screening  

Sadly, there is no reliable method for detecting ovarian cancer before symptoms appear. Currently, the only way to accurately determine if someone has ovarian cancer is to do an ultrasound and biopsy any masses found on the ovaries, which requires surgery. This biopsy will determine if the mass is cancer, and further treatment will be discussed and pursued if the biopsy comes back positive.  

*A biopsy is the process of removing a piece of tissue from the body to be taken to a lab for diagnostic testing! 

Although no reliable ovarian cancer screening tests exist for the general population, people with a family history of ovarian cancer can have genetic testing to see if they carry a hereditary gene that can lead to ovarian cancer and can undergo increased surveillance for ovarian cancer using frequent ultrasounds and blood tests. Bridgercare provides genetic testing services as well as ultrasound and blood test monitoring.

Staying informed about ovarian cancer risk rates, symptoms, and genetic testing is critical to reducing the number of people impacted. If you have any questions regarding ovarian cancer or are curious about something you read online, schedule an appointment with one of our providers!